![]() The letter ج jÄ«m is pronounced differently depending on the region of the speaker, representing a coronal consonant such as and, or and (in Egypt, Sudan and southern Yemen / Oman). ![]() The sun and moon letters are as follows: Sun letters The sun letters represent the coronal consonants according to the phonology of Classical Arabic, and the moon letters represent all others. ![]() When the Arabic definite article ( اÙÙÙ) is followed by a moon letter, no assimilation takes place. For example, for 'the Nile', one does not say al-NÄ«l, but an-NÄ«l. When followed by a sun letter, the /l/ of the Arabic definite article al- assimilates to the initial consonant of the following noun, resulting in a doubled consonant. ![]() These names come from the fact that the word for 'the sun', al-shams, pronounced ash-shams, assimilates the lÄm, while the word for 'the moon', al-qamar, does not. Phonetically, sun letters are ones pronounced as coronal consonants, and moon letters are ones pronounced as other consonants. In Arabic and Maltese, the consonants are divided into two groups, called the sun letters or solar letters (Arabic: ØرÙ٠ش٠سÙØ©â ḥurÅ«f shamsiyyah ) and moon letters or lunar letters ( ØرÙÙ Ù٠رÙØ© ḥurÅ«f qamariyyah ), based on whether they assimilate the letter lÄm ( ï» l ) of a preceding Arabic definite article al- ( اÙÙ), which is an important general rule used in Arabic grammar. Sun letters (red) and moon letters (black)
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